White papers of comparative analysis performed
Comparative Analysis on How Theories Support Policy Modelling
by Steve Hartmann. Abstract: This paper contributes to policy modelling theories and compares game theory, agenda-setting theory and institutional choice theory regarding policy modelling. For that matter a comparative analysis has been done. The most intensive research was identified for game theory. Game theory provides tools for policy modelling and models built upon. However, there are limits for the usage of game theory for example with more than three agents to interact. Institutional choice theory has not been researched as intensively and no clear author can be identified. Agenda setting theory is totally different theory using mass media as agenda setting process. Furthermore none of the chosen theories can contribute to policy modelling extensively without a combination of different theories. We argue that the combination of all three theories can extensively contribute to policy modelling.
Comparative Analysis of Technology Frameworks
by Sehl Mellouli, University Laval, Canada; Jamal Shanin, Karim Hamza, Free University Brussels, Belgium. Abstract: Most of the frameworks concerned by policy making analysis and policy modelling, are spread across multidiscipline sciences like public policy; political science, computer science and social sciences. Frameworks address general forms of theoretical analysis, by identifying the elements and general relationships among different components and provide a general set of variables that can be used to analyse specific arguments. These elements can include: governance structure; policy process; stakeholders; and institutions structure. It also uses different political models and technological tools, to analyse or explain or predict specific political behaviour. So far there is no standard categorization or classification for these frameworks, in order to compare them. And with the growing development in the governance and technology concepts, there is a rising need to develop categorization criteria able to classify frameworks concerned by policy making analysis and policy. This chapter will go through the main frameworks used in understanding the policy making process, in order to make a general classification of these frameworks.
Comparative Analysis of Simulation Models
by Dragana Majstorovic, Maria A. Wimmer, University of Koblenz-Landau, Germany; Roy Lay-Yee, Peter Davis, Centre of Methods and Policy Application in the Social Sciences, New Zealand; Petra Ahrweiler, Europäische Akademie zur Erforschung von Folgen wissenschaftlich-technischer Entwicklungen GmbH, Germany. Abstract: Using computer simulations in examining, explaining and predicting social processes and relationships as well as measuring possible impact of policies has become an important part of policy making process. This chapter presents a comparative analysis of simulation models utilised in the field of policy decision making. Different models and modelling theories and approaches are examined and compared to each other with respect to their role in public decision-making processes. The analysis has shown that none of the theories alone is able to address all aspects of complex policy interactions, which introduced a need for the development of simulation models consisting of a few sub-models built on different modelling theories. These hybrid models can be considered as modelling platforms or complex systems consisting of sub-models, which communicate with each other, by setting up and propagating particular parameters after each reasoning iteration.
Comparative Analysis of Conceptual and Domain Models
by Eleni Kaliva, Eleni Panopoulou, Information Technologies Institute, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece; Efthimios Tambouris, Konstantinos Tarabanis, Information Technologies Institute, Centre for Research and Technology Hellas, Thessaloniki, Greece; University of Macedonia, Thessaloniki, Greece. In this work, we perform a systematic literature review on conceptual and domain models for Policy Modelling (PM). We have identified 5 articles, 1 journal and 4 conference/ workshop articles, published during 2010-2013. The research on the domain is mainly stimulated by EC through funding R&D projects on PM. The research topic is rather immature and requires further investigation as only preliminary results have been published so far. The identified models cover both structural and functional aspects of PM. The most prominent modelling grammar is UML and the modelling scripts used include UML class, activity and use case diagrams and flow charts. The structural and functional concepts present great heterogeneity. In particular, we identified 58 unique structural and 27 functional concepts. This heterogeneity in concepts stems from the fact that each model is specialized for the policy modelling processes defined in each project.
Comparative Analysis of Technical Frameworks and Tools Supporting Decision Making
by Sehl Mellouli, University Laval, Canada; Karim Hamza, Free University Brussels, Belgium. Policy makers are the persons who take decisions for the well-being of their communities. In order to take good decisions, technical frameworks support policy makers in developing models that help explain phenomena of the policy context and therewith support the decision making process. This chapter provides an overview of different tools and technologies to develop these models. This chapter does not claim to be exhaustive by identifying all tools and technologies, but can serve as a basis for any developer who intends to develop a simulation model for policy-makers.
Comparative Analysis Framework of Policies / Strategies / Programs in e-Government
by Jamal Shahin, Free University Brussels, Belgium. This white paper intends to lay out a proposal for a framework for comparative analysis of policies, strategies and programmes in eGovernment. It first defines the difference between a policy, strategy, and programme in general terms (Section 1), and then offers a critical reflection of the predominant approaches to understanding the relationship between these (Section 2). The paper offers an insight into the way that developed trends in technological and societal development influence the process of policy, strategy and programme design and implementation (Section 3). This white paper then goes on to examine the case of the European Union (and notably the European Commission) to highlight the validity of this framework (Section 4). Concluding the paper, the final section (Section 5) will indicate further areas for research and use of the framework.
Comparative Analysis of Projects / Cases implementing Policy
by Dominik Bär, Maria A. Wimmer, University of Koblenz-Landau, Germany; Jozef Glova, Technical University Kosice, Slovakia; Anastasia Papazafeiropoulou, Laurence Brooks, Brunel University, United Kingdom. Abstract: The twentieth century was the century of population explosion and the burning of fossil fuels, which led to the highest pollution in history causing climate change and biodiversity loss (Helm, 2000). However the pollution and its consequences have only been recognised in the closing decades and environmental policies are now of high priority to society, companies and policy makers (cf. (Helm, 2000)). In the cause of this, governments all over the world have launched projects to improve the climate situation. The problem scope dealt with in this work is concerning climate change and policies dealing with topics like sustainable energy management and renewable energy sources. Many projects pursue the aim of switching from energy sources like fossil fuels or nuclear power to renewable energy sources like solar, wind or water. In this comparative analysis work, projects and cases were presented, which deal with the above named issues and topics and investigate the policies implemented along these projects and analysed in cases.
Comparative Analysis of Stakeholder Engagement in Policy Development
by Sharon Dawes, Natalie Helbig, Center for Technology in Government, University at Albany; Jamal Shahin, Free University Brussels, Belgium; Catherine Mkude, University of Koblenz-Landau; Gerard Cotterell, Centre of Methods and Policy Application in the Social Sciences, New Zealand; Bram Klievink, Technical University Delft, the Netherlands; Zamira Dzhusupova, UNU International Institute Software Technology, Macao. Abstract: Policy choices reflect the interplay of social, economic, cultural, and political considerations. Policy making processes can take many forms that vary in accessibility to outsiders and that give different advantages to the input of experts and other interests. A wide variety of tools and techniques are available for policymaking. These include traditional forms of review and public comment as well as newer approaches that use electronic communication and advanced analytical, modelling, and simulation techniques. Policy effectiveness can be judged from multiple perspectives, such as the extent to which policy goals are achieved, the cost and efficiency of the implementation process, the trade-offs made between costs and benefits, or the acceptance of the policy and the policy-making process by those it affects. All of these demand consideration of stakeholders. Stakeholder engagement has come to be seen as an important factor in the policy process. Stakeholders can be involved at any point in the policy cycle from framing issues to evaluating results. This comparative analysis work focuses mainly on stakeholder engagement during problem definition and policy formulation. We begin with a review of the basic elements of stakeholder theory and then follow with discussions of the main purposes served by stakeholder engagement and ways to identify relevant stakeholders for a given purpose. We then discuss the main methods of stakeholder engagement along with their strengths and weaknesses. We offer brief examples of stakeholder engagement and conclude with implications for future research and practice.