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 Open Data

The OpenDefinition.org defines that "Open data and content can be freely used, modified, and shared by anyone for any purpose". This means that any user can copy data, reuse it, or analyze and re-process it for his or her own purpose, without restrictions from copyright, patents or other mechanisms of control (cf. Auer et al 2007) and without financial or technical barriers. The goals of the open data movement are similar to those of other "Open" movements such as open source, open hardware, open content, and open access.
Murray-Rust et al argue that data related to published science should be explicitly placed in the public domain (Murray-Rust,  et al 2010).
Related terms: Open government data
References:
Auer, S. R., Bizer, C., Kobilarov, G., Lehmann, J., Cyganiak, R., Ives, Z. (2007), DBpedia: A Nucleus for a Web of Open Data, The Semantic Web, Lecture Notes in Computer Science 4825. p. 722.
Murray-Rust, P., Neylon, C., Pollock, R., Wilbanks, J. (2010). "Panton Principles, Principles for open data in science", 19 Feb 2010.
OpenDefinition.org, Project of the Open Knowledge foundation, The Open Definition

 Open Government

The term "open government" refers to a new concept of public governance at central and local levels, based on models, tools and technologies that enable the government to be more "open", "transparent" and accountable to their constituency, especially in regards to designing, formulating and implementing public policies (OECD, 2003).
While the early requests for open government as e.g. demanded in the OECD study of 2003 remained rather unheared, in 2009 the US government reinvigorated the demands for more collaboration, participation and transparency through the Obama Administration (cf. Dawes and Helbig 2010). Since then, the Open Government concept is steadily changing the previous concept of e-government to encompass more strongly the good governance principles (cf. Wimmer 2011). With the guiding principles of transparency, participation, openness and collaboration, Open Government has at first led to the set-up of open government data portals (e.g. data.gov, data.gov.uk), where  maps, demographics, election results, values ​​of pollution and traffic, economic data and much more government data has been made accessible openly.
In 2011, the Open Government Partnership  - OGP (http://www.opengovpartnership.org/) has been launched.  It is a multilateral initiative (a platform) that aims to achieve concrete commitments from the member countries for the implementation of actions to openness, transparency and civic engagement, in order to be more responsive to citizens. Since then, OGP membership is steadily growing.
Related terms: Open Government Data, Good Governance
References:
Dawes. S.S., and Helbig, N. (2010). Information Strategies for Open Government:
Challenges and Prospects for Deriving Public Value from Government Transparency. In M.A. Wimmer et al. (Eds.): Electronic Government, EGOV 2010, LNCS 6228, pp. 50–60
OECD. Open Government: Fostering Dialogue with Civil Society. OECD Study, 2003
Maria A. Wimmer. Open Government in Policy Development: From Collaborative Scenario Texts to Formal Policy Models. In Natarajan, R. and Ojo, A. (eds.): ICDCIT 2011. Lecture Notes in Computer Science (# 6536), Springer-Verlag: Berlin Heidelberg, 2011, pp. 76–91

 Open Government Data

According to the Open Knowledge Foundation, Open Government Data (OGD) refers to data produced or commissioned by government or government controlled entities. OGD must follow the principles of "open" as defined in the Open Definition (see related term), i.e. OGD can be freely used, reused and redistributed by anyone (Open Knowledge Foundations).
Along the demands for more openness, transparency and participation (cf. Open Government principles as explained in the related term), open government data has received high interest in the last half decade, and nearly every country, state and city has its open government data portal (such as data.gov, data.gov.uk, etc.)
Related terms: Open Government, Open Data
References:
Open Knowledge Foundation, Open Government Data.