Grand challenge "Data and information characteristics and use"
Brief abstract motivating, and underlying gaps, grounding the grand challenge
The data dimension of policy modelling presents significant challenges for data providers, analysts, and consumers, while existing and new data sources also offer an under-appreciated opportunity to explore and understand both the context and possible effects of policy choices. Reliable and trustworthy public policy making is extensively dependent on the underlying data informing policy models. The quality of data, provenance information, empirical validity and other characteristics of data have tremendous impact on the trustworthiness and reliability of policy models. Also, ownership and license models of data, openness, accessibility and interoperability of data, data privacy, and protection of data against misuse and violent attacks are aspects that need to be reflected when using data in public policy making. Yet, ensuring an adequate level of data quality for a given purpose or understanding distinct data characteristics and transforming them into suitable formats and quality for a given instance of policy modelling remain difficult and costly goals.
The many new sources of government data offer potential value but this value will be realised only if government information policies and practices are better aligned with the needs of policy-oriented data users. In turn, data and policy analysts must treat information critically in the policy analysis process. While extensive research on big data, open data, text and opinion mining, and similar topics is already carried out, the use of data (both, qualitative and quantitative) and of advanced methods and concepts of data analysis are still not well integrated into policy modelling initiatives. Many questions of appropriate data quality, reliability of data, performance improvement and prevention from information overload are still unanswered. Methods for improvement such as metadata and feedback mechanisms seem useful, but questions remain about how these should be defined and implemented and at what cost. Also, the performance of government to making decisions quicker and better founded needs to be better understood. All these issues demand multidisciplinary research that investigates data characteristics and use in public policy modelling from different angles.
Challenges to be faced, formulated along a set of research questions
The following challenges demand extensive and complementary research in the domain of ICT-supported public governance and policy modelling:
- How to support data sharing and usage in a way that adds value to the policy development process and does not open potential risks of misuse and fraud
- How to exploit and integrate concepts and solutions of big data and open data into policy modelling approaches, and how to ensure effective data integration
- How to ensure good data quality (as evidence and input to policy models as well as in regards to simulation results); and how can flaws in data sources be recognised, categorised, and evaluated; How can this evaluation be meaningfully reflected in the presentation and consideration of analytical results? How can data be interpreted?
- How to ensure the right balance between useful and sufficient information provision to enable and encourage stakeholder participation in policy making (preventing from information overload while at the same time ensuring the provision of the right quantity and quality of data); and how to ensure effectiveness and efficiency of data and information use
- How to ensure trust in the data being used as input to inform a policy model as well as trust in the data and results generated from simulation models in public policy making
- What information policies and data management practices will help make government information more useful and usable for policy analysis and modelling and to support quicker decision-making?
- How to ensure the right level of data protection so that privacy of individuals, integrity of organisations or confidentiality of sensitive and/or secret data is provided; what is the right level of data protection
- How to ensure information security so that data is neither misused nor manipulated by unauthorised third parties; This also demands understanding the vulnerability of too much openness and transparency, i.e. for understanding how much openness is reasonable and how much protection is necessary in order to not to be too vulnerable to information attacks
- How to measure the performance of government and impact of investments in big data and open data infrastructures to legitimise the government investments and to improve equal access and social inclusion; and how to sustain the investments in such technical infrastructures
Innovations and wider impact expected when tackling the research demands
Innovations tackling the aforementioned challenges of research can help to achieve better data quality and better integration of data in the development and testing of public policy models. A more effective use of available data and information in public policy modelling can lead to process innovation, to more reliable and trustworthy policy making and to better performance of government. Appropriate and innovative methods and tools for information analysis and visualisation have great potential to facilitate collaborative policy making, and enable more diverse user groups to engage in policy development and monitoring. A better integration of new approaches to data analysis and visualisation into the development of public policy modelling will contribute to better appreciation and representation of complexity and can achieve more reliable and trustworthy policy models. Accordingly, better-informed, better funded and quicker decision-making will be possible.
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